Animal Defenders International
Circuses
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The science on suffering: Husbandry and close confinement (1)
17 May 2006
3. Husbandry and close confinement Poor husbandry in the circus may not be intentional, but it is to an extent unavoidable given the travelling nature of circuses and the temporary enclosures, living...
The science on suffering: Husbandry and close confinement (2)
17 May 2006
Excessive periods in transporters. Case Study: Zippo’s Circus. Observations 2 & 3 April 2006. Journey: Oxford to Blackheath, SE London. Actual journey time: 2 hours 4 horses, 3 ponies:...
The science on suffering: Husbandry and close confinement (3)
17 May 2006
3.1 Elephants Elephants in circuses are commonly shackled as a method of control and confinement, involving the chaining of one foreleg and one hind leg to the ground. This kind of fixation restricts...
The science on suffering: Husbandry and close confinement (4)
17 May 2006
3.2 Ungulates Ungulate species typically belong to one of two specialised feeding guilds, browsing or grazing, and in the wild they spend a significant percentage of their daily time budget eating....
The science on suffering: Husbandry and close confinement (5)
17 May 2006
Another study has found that captive black rhinoceroses appear predisposed to a skin disease which has not been identified in wild black rhinoceroses. This disease was found to show a link with periods...
The science on suffering: Husbandry and close confinement (6)
17 May 2006
3.3 Carnivores The scientific literature show that carnivores, in particular members of the cat family and bears, suffer as a result of captivity. This evidence has mainly been gathered in zoo studies,...
The science on suffering: Husbandry and close confinement (7)
17 May 2006
3.4 Domesticated Species Domestic animals such as budgerigars, cats, dogs and horses are kept in circuses. Although there are few scientific studies applicable to the circus situation these animals...
The science on suffering: Inappropriate social groupings and isolation (1)
17 May 2006
4. Inappropriate social groupings and isolation It is vitally important to house species in appropriate group structures. For many species social living provides more benefits than simply finding food...
